光照、温度对黑鲷(♀)×真鲷(♂)杂交子代受精卵孵化效果的影响

为了研究不同光照强度、温度对黑鲷(Acantho pagrusschlegelii)(♀)×真鲷(Pagrosomus major)(♂)杂交F1代受精卵孵化效果及仔鱼存活的影响,作者采用试验生态学的方法比较不同温度(16、18、20、22、24、26℃)下杂交鲷受精卵的孵化率、畸形率、孵化时间、7日龄仔鱼的存活率;比较不同光照强度下(10、100、300、800、1500、4 000、10 000 lx)受精卵孵化率、畸形率、孵化时间;比较不同光照强度下(200、1 000、2 000、5 000、10 000、15 000、20 000 lx)7日龄仔鱼的存活率。结果表明:在盐度为22条件下,受精卵最高孵化率(34.00%)和最低畸形率(16.65%)的孵化温度为20℃;在16～26℃范围内,温度与孵化时间呈负相关,与7日龄仔鱼存活率也呈负相关。不同的光照强度对受精卵孵化率和孵化时间的影响不显著,孵化率为65.88%～71.88%;但大于800lx的光照会令畸形率上升(大于15.21%);另外,5000～10000lx的光照强度更适宜仔鱼生存,7日龄仔鱼存活率达到38%～40.75%。黑鲷(♀)×真鲷(♂)杂交子代最佳孵化温度为20℃,最适光照强度为5 000～10 000 lx。     

基于ROMS和4DVAR的沿轨与网格化SSH数据同化效果评价

Remote sensing products are significant in the data assimilation of an ocean model. Considering the resolution and space coverage of different remote sensing data, two types of sea surface height(SSH) product are employed in the assimilation, including the gridded products from AVISO and the original along-track observations used in the generation. To explore their impact on the assimilation results, an experiment focus on the South China Sea(SCS) is conducted based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS) and the four-dimensional variational data assimilation(4 DVAR) technology. The comparison with EN4 data set and Argo profile indicates that, the along-track SSH assimilation result presents to be more accurate than the gridded SSH assimilation, because some noises may have been introduced in the merging process. Moreover, the mesoscale eddy detection capability of the assimilation results is analyzed by a vector geometry–based algorithm. It is verified that, the assimilation of the gridded SSH shows superiority in describing the eddy's characteristics, since the complete structure of the ocean surface has been reconstructed by the original data merging.     

GPS/LEO掩星观测的变分同化技术

在简单介绍GPS/LEO掩星探测大气的发展历史和科学意义之后,详细阐述了反演的基本原理;分析了标准反演中存在的问题,并说明一维变分同化(1DVAR)在反演方法中的重要性;给出了一维变分同化中价值函数的求解,以及各种同化因子;简单介绍了对当前气象学中普遍使用的四维变分同化(4DVAR);重点讨论了各种同化方法,以及使用各种同化因子的优缺点。最后,通过CHAMP卫星的观测实例分析,验证了GPS数据在数值天气预报(NWP)中的作用,以及相对于标准反演法一维变分对气象要素的改进。     

有限元法与伪谱法混合求解弹性波动方程

在地震波场数值模拟中,有限差分法、有限元法和伪谱法都是常用的基本方法,但它们各有不同的适应性和优缺点,如有限差分法、有限元法都存在减弱网格频散和提高计算效率的矛盾,而伪谱法的网格频散小且计算效率高.有限差分法和伪谱法在处理地表结构复杂或地表剧烈起伏以及地下结构复杂的情况时存在较大的难度,而有限元法可较为理想地拟合起伏地表和任意弯曲界面,且可方便地处理自由边界条件和界面边界条件.尝试将有限元法和伪谱法相结合,形成地震波场数值模拟的一种混合方法,利用二者的优点,克服二者的缺点,达到既减弱网格频散又提高计算精度和效率的目的.并采用所谓的‘过度区域‘技术解决两种不同算法的衔接问题.模拟实例表明,给出的混合模拟方法不失为弹性波场数值模拟的一种有效方法.     

Crystal-Melt Separation and the Development of Isotopic Heterogeneities in Hybrid Magmas

If a magma is a hybrid of two (or more) isotopically distinctend-members, at least one of which is partially crystalline,separation of melt and crystals after hybridization will leadto the development of isotopic heterogeneities in the magmaas long as some of the pre-existing crystalline material (antecrysts)retains any of its original isotopic composition. This holdstrue whether the hybridization event is magma mixing as traditionallyconstrued, bulk assimilation, or melt assimilation. Once a magma-scaleisotopic heterogeneity is formed by crystal–melt separation,it is essentially permanent, persisting regardless of subsequentcrystallization, mixing, or equilibration events. The magnitudeof the isotopic variability resulting from crystal–meltseparation can be as large as that resulting from differentialcontamination, multiple isotopically distinct sources, or insitu isotopic evolution. In one model, a redistribution of one-thirdof the antecryst cargo yielded a crystal-enriched sample with⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0·7058, whereas the complementary crystal-poorsample has ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0·7068. In other models, crystal-richsamples are enriched in radiogenic Sr. Isotopic heterogeneitiescan be either continuous (controlled by the modal distributionof crystals and melt) or discontinuous (when there is completeseparation of crystals and liquid). The first case may be exemplifiedby some isotopically zoned large-volume rhyolites, formed bythe eruptive inversion of a modally zoned magma chamber. Inthe latter case, the isotopic composition of any (for example)interstitial liquid will be distinct from the isotopic compositionof the bulk crystal fraction. The separation of such an interstitialliquid may explain the presence of isotopically distinct late-stageaplites in plutons. Crystal–melt separation provides anadditional option for the interpretation of isotopically zonedor heterogeneous magmas. This option is particularly attractivefor systems whose chemical variation is otherwise explicableby fractionation-dominated processes. Non-isotopic chemicalheterogeneities can also develop in this fashion. KEY WORDS: isotopic heterogeneity; zoning; hybrid magma; crystal separation; Sr isotopes; aplite; rhyolite     

Numerical Simulation of Residual Circulation due to Bottom Rouglmess Variability Under Tidal Flows in A Semi-Enclosed Bay

Nowadays there are some chronic serious environmental problems, such as eutrophication, blue tide and so on, in a complicated coastal zone or a semi-enclosed bay, because the water exchanges between an inner bay and an outer sea is weak compared with the supply of contaminant. Under this situation, a method to improve the water quality by 3-dimensional small unsymmetrical structures has been proposed by Komatsu et al. In this paper, several numerical simulations of the tidal current and concentration for various arrangements of bottom roughness in a semi-enclosed model bay are carfled out with a depth-averaged 2-D numerical model. The model is solved by the hybrid finite analytic method with nonstaggered grid. And the SIMPLES algorithm with Rhie and Chow＇ s momentum interpolation technique is used for the simulation. The effect of Komatsu＇ s method for water purification is examined by numerical simulation. The result of numerical experiment indicates that it is possible to generate a new tidal residual current and to activate a tidal exchange by bottom roughness arrangement only.     

Numerical Analysis of Wave Forces on Arbitrarily Shaped Multi-Pillars Over Varying Topography

The modified hybrid element method (MHEM) is utilized to predict and analyze wave forces on arbitrarily shaped multiple bodies. This method can be applied to waves of all water depths, i. e. shallow, intermediate, and deep waters, on slowly varying seabed. The MHEM employs the ICCG method to save CPU and storage, thus the computation of wave forces for large multi-body systems can be carried out on microcomputers. Numerical results of the present method are compared with experimental data and other solutions. It is shown that the MHEM provides more accurate solutions of the wave forces than other numerical methods do. Therefore, the methodology presented herein can be used in the design of coastal and ocean structures.     

杂交鲆(牙鲆♀×夏鲆♂)胚胎发育的初步观察

通过人工调控促使亲本牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)♀×夏鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)♂的性腺发育,人工干法授精获得杂交受精卵。杂交受精卵在温度为16.5~17.5℃,光照为100~400 lx,微充气条件下孵化。对杂交鲆胚胎发育全过程进行连续观察并与牙鲆及夏鲆的胚胎发育进行比较。结果表明:杂交鲆卵裂方式与其他大部分硬骨鱼类一样,属于盘状卵裂。受精后经过2 h 30 min进入2细胞期,7 h 45 min进入囊胚期,15 h 10 min进入原肠胚阶段,25 h 30 min进入神经胚期,49 h左右进入尾芽期。授精后63 h左右发现初孵仔鱼,68h左右50%的仔鱼孵出。在杂交鲆的胚胎发育中,主要有2个发育特征与母本类似而与父本不同:视囊的出现要早于体节的分化;孵化前,仔鱼在卵膜内环绕卵黄囊不到1周。但是在其孵化时间上却与父本相似。     

The impact of the M2 internal tide on data-assimilative model estimates of the surface tide

We use a synthetic data experiment to assess the accuracy of ocean tides estimated from satellite altimetry data, with emphasis on the impact of the phase-locked internal tide, which has a surface expression of several centimeters near its sites of genesis. Previous tidal estimates have regarded this signal as a random measurement error; however, it is deterministic and not scale-separated from the barotropic (surface) tide around complex bathymetric features. The synthetic data experiments show that the internal tide has a negligible impact on the barotropic tidal fields inferred under these circumstances, and the barotropic dissipation (a quadratic functional of the tidal fields) is in good agreement with the energetics of the three-dimensional regional primitive equations model which is the source of the synthetic data.     

Monitoring the Kuroshio Extension with Dynamically Constrained Synthesis of the Acoustic Tomography, Satellite Altimeter and in situ Data

A finite-difference quasigeostrophic (QG) model of an open ocean region has been employed to produce a dynamically constrained synthesis of acoustic tomography and satellite altimetry data with in situ observations. The assimilation algorithm is based upon the 4D variational data interpolation scheme controlled by the model's initial and boundary conditions. The data sets analyzed include direct and differential travel times measured at the array of five acoustic transceivers deployed by JAMSTEC in the region of the Kuroshio Extension in 1997, Topex/Poseidon altimetry, CTD soundings, and ADCP velocity profiles. The region monitored is located within the area 27.5°–36.5°N, 143°–155°. The results of assimilation show that mesoscale variability can be effectively reconstructed by five transceivers measuring direct and reciprocal travel times supported by relatively sparse in situ measurements. The misfits between model and data lie within the observational error bars for all the data types used in assimilation. We have compared the results of assimilation with the statistical inversion of travel time data and analyzed energy balances of the optimized model solution. Energy exchange between the depth-averaged and shear components of the observed currents reveals a weak decay of the barotropic mode at the rate of 0.2 ± 0.7⋅10⁻⁵ cm²/s³ due to topographic interaction. Mean currents in the region are unstable with an estimate of the available potential energy flux from the mean current to the eddies of 4.7 ± 2.3⋅10⁻⁵ cm²/s³. Kinetic energy transition has the same sign and is estimated as 2.8 ± 2.5⋅10⁻⁵ cm²/s³. Potential enstrophy is transferred to the mesoscale at a rate of 5.5 ± 2.7⋅10⁻¹⁸ s⁻³. These figures provide observational evidence of the properties of free geostrophic turbulence which were predicted by theory and observed in numerical experiments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.